Grammar guides

Short, exact explanations of the verb topics learners search for most. Each one has an explainer you can click through.

• French

  Passé composé

  How to form the French compound past, when to use être instead of avoir, and how the participle agrees. With an auxiliary builder.

• Spanish

  Preterite vs imperfect

  Events versus background: toggle each verb in a story and watch the meaning change.

• Spanish

  Spanish past tense

  The four Spanish past tenses, preterite endings and the irregular stems worth memorising.

• Spanish

  Spanish subjunctive

  How to form it and the triggers that demand it, with a clause switcher that shows the mood change.

• French

  French subjunctive

  The ils-stem shortcut, the irregular eight, and the expressions that trigger que + subjonctif.

• German

  German past tense

  Perfekt vs Präteritum, haben vs sein, and how to build any participle, including separable verbs.